I now use the following setup:
SATA hard drive -> SATA-USB Bridge -> laptop running Ubuntu Host and VirtualBox -> Debian-based network share server (OMV) Guest
External USB drive is passed through to the guest OS automatically. So, when the VM powers on, the USB drive connects to it. When it is powered down, it connects to the host and Ubuntu tries to mount it.
I have set VirtualBox to automatically save state before shutdown of the host and resume after power up of the host. Is it safe to save state of the guest OS when the host laptop is being rebooted? If not, how can it be improved?